145 research outputs found

    INTERNET REPRESENTATIONS OF DIALECTAL ENGLISH

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    International audienceThis paper presents an account of how alternative spellings found online can be linked to phonetic and phonological roots, especially in settings where dialects are encouraged. These spellings are part of Netspeak uses, and dialectal spellings are influenced by official, lexicographical sources and a personal desire to spell words as they are pronounced. Consonants and vowels are affected by these choices, and this paper will mainly discuss consonantal changes and the limits of vocalic alternations. The first research question focuses on how non-traditional spellings aim at showing an alteration of the same type of sound, irrespective of the dialect, to see if there are common underlying mechanisms between very different dialects of English. Exposure to the Internet culture, and forum-specific uses may account for neography. Limits reached by these respellings (homophony, semantic ambiguity) will also be discussed. The corpus of this study is composed of written productions found in African American and Scottish online communities, Black Planet and Scotster, to examine the parallel development of alternative spellings in two dialects that contravene the rhoticity of the variety of English spoken in their country. The wider ecological 1 context of writing online is the first focal point: Netspeak influences alternative written practices, and censorship is a peculiarity of this environment. The typology of alternative spellings will be defined: they are not limited to simple deletion or doubling of letters, and their difference with spelling mistakes will be specified. The stance of linguistic studies on spelling and lexical differences with standard English will shed light on the official stances regarding these two dialects, and which rules alternative forms found on the forums are supposed to follow. While Scots spelling is seen with a little more prescriptivism, works on African American Vernacular describe forms and sanitize them (there is very little profanity in dictionaries). Bearing in mind these specificities and the wider online context, consonantal substitutions will be tackled, both generally, and then more specifically when they are applied to grammatical words. Vowel changes and limits created by homophony will be the point of the last subsection.Les graphies alternatives en ligne peuvent ĂȘtre attribuĂ©es Ă  des causes phonĂ©tiques et phonologiques, surtout dans des contextes oĂč l’utilisation d’un dialecte est encouragĂ©e. Je m’intĂ©resse ici surtout aux changements consonantiques dans les graphies utilisĂ©es par des membres de forums afro-amĂ©ricains et Ă©cossais.Ces graphies peuvent ĂȘtre contraintes par la culture internet, et par celle des forums frĂ©quentĂ©s. AprĂšs une typologie des phĂ©nomĂšnes rencontrĂ©s, et des strates linguistiques (Netspeak, graphies alternatives idiolectales
), j’étudierai dans la seconde partie les points de vue des organismes officiels qui Ă©dictent des rĂšgles pour ces deux langues minoritaires. Si l’attitude Ă©cossaise est plus prescriptiviste, les lexicographes afro-amĂ©ricains dĂ©crivent en censurant les lexĂšmes qu’ils recensent. La derniĂšre partie examinera les substitutions consonantales, notamment dans les mots grammaticaux, puis les substitutions vocaliques et les problĂšmes d’homophonie qu’elles peuvent provoquer

    LE DISPOSITIF ICONOTEXTUEL DES MÈMES : CLICHÉS VARIABLES ET SUBVERSION DES GENRES

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    Advice Animal memes resort to the use of animals and humans embodying behavioral clichĂ©s, and whose discourse is reinforced by their titles (‘memonymes’) as well as the decontextualization of the initial image. Although these memes feature discourse belonging to specific genres (advice, personal stories, satire
), they challenge them: advice is ludicrous, and satire only recuperate others’ discourse and replace it in another context. Archetypes break the existing rules, whether animal or human stereotypes: animal clichĂ©s update through selfcontradiction, and social preconceptions are simultaneously summoned and dismantled.Les mĂšmes d’Advice Animals reprĂ©sentent des animaux et des humains qui incarnent des clichĂ©s comportementaux, exprimĂ©s par des discours renforcĂ©s par les titres (mĂšmonymes) et la dĂ©contextualisation de l’image originale. Bien que ces mĂšmes contiennent des Ă©noncĂ©s inscrits dans des genres dĂ©limitĂ©s (conseils, microrĂ©cits personnels, parodies
), ils les remettent en question : le conseil est malveillant, la parodie ne fait que reprendre les paroles de l’autre. Les archĂ©types ne suivent pas non plus les rĂšgles Ă©tablies, ni pour les mĂšmes animaliers ni pour les stĂ©rĂ©otypes humains : le clichĂ© animal se renouvelle par contradiction, et l’évocation des stĂ©rĂ©otypes sociaux s’accompagne de leur dĂ©composition

    Peur et folie en jeu vidéo : narration(s) et remise en question du quatriÚme mur

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    Cet article est une Ă©tude de deux jeux indĂ©pendants amĂ©ricains, Doki Doki Literature Club (DDLC) et What Remains of Edith Finch ? (WREF), tous deux sortis en 2017, sous le prisme de leurs thĂšmes et de la façon dont ils influent la narration. Ces jeux dĂ©passent les attendus de leur genre respectif (jeu de sĂ©duction, jeu Ă  couloir) et brisent le quatriĂšme mur de plusieurs façons, pour servir les thĂšmes de la peur et de la folie. Leur point commun est de prĂ©senter des situations oĂč l’expĂ©rience ne respecte pas les attentes tacites d’un jeu vidĂ©o et contribue au sentiment de narration non fiable. Cette narration, en retour, sert les sentiments forts des thĂšmes principaux. Il s’agit de deux jeux de niches, assez confidentiels en soi, dans des styles assez diffĂ©rents. WREF limite les actions Ă  contrĂŽler un personnage dans un lieu souvent clos, dans une configuration qui laisse la part importante Ă  l’histoire. DDLC se prĂ©sente comme un jeu de sĂ©duction, genre courant des visual novel qui met en scĂšne quatre jeunes femmes archĂ©typales et un protagoniste qui doit faire des choix pour conquĂ©rir celle qui a ses prĂ©fĂ©rences. L’interprĂ©tation narrative de chaque saynĂšte de WREF ou la manipulation de l’expĂ©rience de jeu dans DDLC offrent un espace dans lequel les attentes du contrat concernant l’avancĂ©e de la narration sont rompues, ce qui sera la problĂ©matique principale. L'espace vidĂ©oludique est normalement restreint Ă  l’écran (contrairement Ă  ce qui se produit dans DDLC), l’interface de la manette est normalement standardisĂ©e (contrairement Ă  l’épisode de Lewis dans WREF). Une fois ces transgressions Ă©tudiĂ©es, la seconde partie s’attachera Ă  montrer comment les rĂ©cits et genres s’entremĂȘlent dans ces jeux. Les capsules narratives de WREF sont autant de plongĂ©es dans les univers mentaux de chaque protagoniste, en plus des lettres et autres extraits de journaux intimes, stĂšles, statues, petits autels... La noyade de Gregory sur fond de Valse des Fleurs de TchaĂŻkovski oĂč le petit garçon se transforme en grenouille, la mort de Barbara, racontĂ©e dans une bande dessinĂ©e d’horreur sont autant de rĂ©cits dĂ©calĂ©s, insĂ©rĂ©s dans la trame principale. De la mĂȘme façon, dans DDLC, la narration prĂ©sentĂ©e de prime abord cache des narrations emboĂźtĂ©es, soit dans les poĂšmes, soit dans le dernier acte du jeu. Ces narrations prolongent et nourrissent les discours Ă©motionnels violents de ces jeux, jusqu’à remettre en question les limites du jeu et le quatriĂšme mur.This paper deals with the narrative characteristics of two American games, Doki Doki Literature Club (DDLC) and What Remains of Edith Finch ? (WREF), both released in 2017. Their narrative frames go over and beyond the expectations of their codified genres (respectively, a dating sim and a “walking simulator”). They break the fourth wall several times in the course of the gameplay, all of that for the sake of fear and madness, their main themes. They both present situations where the gaming experience do not follow expectations, thus contributing to the unreliability of these narratives. They also help the expression of strong feelings which are central to these games. Both are niche games, in two different styles. WREF is a game where the player only controls a character in a closed space. This helps putting the story in the forefront, while DDLC borrows from the dating simulation game aesthetics, a subtype of visual novel. It stars four archetypal young women and a protagonist who must seduce the one he likes best. The narrative interpretation of each capsule in WREF, or the manipulation of the gaming experience in DDLC offer a space in which the expectations about the narrative progress are trumped, and this constitutes the main issue of this paper. Games are normally restricted to their screen (contrary to what happens on DDLC), the gamespace is normally standardized on the controller (contrary to what happens in Lewis’ capsule in WREF). Trangressions of the expected also include erasing or replacing characters and settings, as well as overfilling or saturating spaces of the games. After this initial study, I will turn to the intertwining of several discourses, genres, and symbolic objects to further blur the boundaries for the player. Several discourses are inserted in each other, and there are more than one audience: is Edith Finch addressing her son, or the player? How is Monika addressing the player, the protagonist, both on DDLC’s website and in the game? Several narratives are embedded in the gameplay of both games and are represented either by genres (poetry, manga
) or by objects, like the memorials scattered in WREF. These embedded stories further and contribute to the sensitive, violent discourses of these games and question the boundaries of both gaming experience and the existence of the fourth wall

    « Tu sais que tu viens de [Ville] quand  » : CommunautĂ© urbaine en ligne

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    International audienceIn this article, I show the bridge between discourse online and discourse on the city, in a Facebook corpus whose pages start with the iterative pattern, “you know you come from [x] when.” These pages belong to a digital representation of the city. Urban symbols are conjured through pictures of identifying features and terms of service draw users to share as much as they can. Discourse is positive, and urban pride blends into homesicknessfor members who live far from their town. Urban stories catalyze cooperation between them. The city is also envisioned in its regional setting, and minority languages abound on these pages. Mentions of local cuisine also act as a trigger to share common experiencesDans cet article, je propose de montrer le rapport entre le discours sur des communautĂ©s virtuelles et le discours sur la ville, dans un corpus Facebook de pages dont le titre comporte le patron itĂ©ratif « tu sais que tu viens de [x] quand ». Ces pages s’insĂšrent dans une reprĂ©sentation numĂ©riquĂ©e de la ville. Le symbolisme urbain passe par les illustrations, qui reprĂ©sentent des Ă©lĂ©ments identitaires forts, et les chartes des pages incitent les utilisateurs Ă  participer. Les discours sont mĂ©lioratifs, et la fiertĂ© cĂŽtoie la nostalgie des membres qui n’y habitent plus. Les rĂ©cits urbains gĂ©nĂšrent la collaboration entre les abonnĂ©s. La ville s’insĂšre dans sa culture rĂ©gionale, grĂące aux langues rĂ©gionales. La nourriture locale devient une passerelle d’évocation d’expĂ©riences communes

    Dialectologie grapho-phonématique de deux communautés virtuelles : pour une approche discursive des communaulectes.

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    This dissertation deals with two minority languages spoken in English-speaking countries, Scots and African American vernacular, used on two niche forums whose population is interested in Scottish culture for the former, Scotster, or mainly African American for the latter, Black Planet. The two linguistic domains which will be summoned are phonology dealing with minority languages and English, because both are discernible within alternative spellings ; as well as discourse analysis, because these asynchronous discourses allow unique data mining and insights into the creation of new lexical or graphic forms, which are more common on online communities they appear on. Thanks to a contrastive corpus made of works of fiction produced by native speakers, the grapho-phonemic traits of the two minority languages can be predicted on internet forums. The use of billboards also allows to study discursive phenomena which are specific to their ecology.The two languages practiced there are not used the same way : the users of Scots tend to teach it to others, while speakers of African American use it as a socio-cultural marker. This dissertation’s intent is to show that discourse practices on a forum create a platform-specific lect, called a communaulect. It is partly noticeable through alternative spellings. These are harbored by a will to lessen the difference between spelling and sound, and are even more detectable because members of BP and SC use a minority language they are mostly exposed to orally, hence twisting words more dramatically.— Ce travail portera sur le cas de l’adaptation de deux sociolectes, l’anglais standard d’Écosse (« Standard Scottish English »), des dialectes Ă©cossais rĂ©gionaux, ainsi que de l’anglais afro- amĂ©ricain sur l’Internet dans des communautĂ©s virtuelles. Ces parlers sont reprĂ©sentĂ©s sur ce mĂ©dia, dans des discussions asynchrones entre leurs locuteurs, ou sur des sites de dĂ©couverte de ces sociolectes. On se demandera dans quelle mesure les locuteurs de ces variĂ©tĂ©s de l’anglais l’utilisent pour communiquer par Ă©crit, ce qu’ils perçoivent de leur idiolecte, et comment ils adaptent un parler, pour lequel les connaissances sont souvent orales, en un moyen de communication Ă©crit. En effet, il existe une diffĂ©rence entre l’écrit et l’oral, et la « conversion » du parler est un des sujets les plus importants: existe-t-il une rĂšgle phonographĂ©matique qui sous-tend les transformations, commune aux formes de l’anglais Ă©tudiĂ©es ? Est-ce que le discours ainsi produit est intelligible pour les locuteurs d’autres formes d’anglais ? Est-ce que l’ñge et l’utilisation du dialecte Ă  l’oral ont un rapport avec la propension Ă  utiliser une forme dialectale de l’anglais sur Internet ? La phonologie de l’afro-amĂ©ricain et de l’anglais d’Écosse seront donc Ă©tudiĂ©es pour vĂ©rifier les hypothĂšses mises en jeu par ce travail : d’abord, le profil moyen des utilisateurs sera dĂ©gagĂ©, et les productions Ă©crites seront comparĂ©es avec leurs productions orales. Ensuite, les systĂšmes phonographĂ©matiques et grammaticaux de ces formes de l’anglais, telles qu’elles sont dĂ©crites dans des ouvrages de rĂ©fĂ©rence, seront mis en parallĂšle avec les exemples du corpus afin de voir si les dialectes ont Ă©voluĂ© grĂące Ă  l’oral, ou grĂące Ă  l’utilisation du mĂ©dia internet. Enfin, des extraits des corpus seront prĂ©sentĂ©s Ă  des locuteurs d’anglais tandard, pour estimer le degrĂ© d’opacitĂ© de ces dialectes pour les non-locuteurs et dĂ©terminer si la forme Ă©crite est plus intelligible forme orale

    Avant-propos

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    En 1999, Gonzalo Frasca avait provoquĂ© quelque Ă©moi parmi les spĂ©cialistes du jeu vidĂ©o, en formalisant un clivage devenu fameux entre « ludologues » et « narratologues ». Un vif dĂ©bat s’en Ă©tait suivi, opposant d’une part les tenants de la narration comme constitutive du genre (Janet Murray, Marie-Laure Ryan), et d’autre part les partisans de l’interactivitĂ© (Epsen Aarseth, Gonzalo Frasca), pour qui scĂ©narios et personnages n’étaient que des accrĂ©tions superflues et Ă©trangĂšres Ă  l’essence de..

    Écouter les animaux parler. PrĂ©sentation du numĂ©ro

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    1. Cadres et objectifs Ă©pistĂ©mologiques du numĂ©ro Depuis quelques annĂ©es, on commence Ă  percevoir des formes de langage animal par le filtre de diffĂ©rentes disciplines, qui vont de la zoologie et de l’anthropologie jusqu’à l’éthologie ou la zoosĂ©miotique. Cette interdisciplinaritĂ© renforcĂ©e par les courants animalistes et les dĂ©bats sur le droit animal fait bouger les frontiĂšres spĂ©cistes, redonnant Ă  l’humain une place d’hyponyme. L’opposition humain-animal s’estompe et l’on parle aujourd’hu..

    New Insights into the Role of MHC Diversity in Devil Facial Tumour Disease

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    Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) is a fatal contagious cancer that has decimated Tasmanian devil populations. The tumour has spread without invoking immune responses, possibly due to low levels of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) diversity in Tasmanian devils. Animals from a region in north-western Tasmania have lower infection rates than those in the east of the state. This area is a genetic transition zone between sub-populations, with individuals from north-western Tasmania displaying greater diversity than eastern devils at MHC genes, primarily through MHC class I gene copy number variation. Here we test the hypothesis that animals that remain healthy and tumour free show predictable differences at MHC loci compared to animals that develop the disease

    Tigers of Sundarbans in India: Is the Population a Separate Conservation Unit?

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    The Sundarbans tiger inhabits a unique mangrove habitat and are morphologically distinct from the recognized tiger subspecies in terms of skull morphometrics and body size. Thus, there is an urgent need to assess their ecological and genetic distinctiveness and determine if Sundarbans tigers should be defined and managed as separate conservation unit. We utilized nine microsatellites and 3 kb from four mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes to estimate genetic variability, population structure, demographic parameters and visualize historic and contemporary connectivity among tiger populations from Sundarbans and mainland India. We also evaluated the traits that determine exchangeability or adaptive differences among tiger populations. Data from both markers suggest that Sundarbans tiger is not a separate tiger subspecies and should be regarded as Bengal tiger (P. t. tigris) subspecies. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses of the mtDNA data revealed reciprocal monophyly. Genetic differentiation was found stronger for mtDNA than nuclear DNA. Microsatellite markers indicated low genetic variation in Sundarbans tigers (He= 0.58) as compared to other mainland populations, such as northern and Peninsular (Hebetween 0.67- 0.70). Molecular data supports migration between mainland and Sundarbans populations until very recent times. We attribute this reduction in gene flow to accelerated fragmentation and habitat alteration in the landscape over the past few centuries. Demographic analyses suggest that Sundarbans tigers have diverged recently from peninsular tiger population within last 2000 years. Sundarbans tigers are the most divergent group of Bengal tigers, and ecologically non-exchangeable with other tiger populations, and thus should be managed as a separate "evolutionarily significant unit" (ESU) following the adaptive evolutionary conservation (AEC) concept.Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun (India)

    High Genetic Diversity and Fine-Scale Spatial Structure in the Marine Flagellate Oxyrrhis marina (Dinophyceae) Uncovered by Microsatellite Loci

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    Free-living marine protists are often assumed to be broadly distributed and genetically homogeneous on large spatial scales. However, an increasing application of highly polymorphic genetic markers (e.g., microsatellites) has provided evidence for high genetic diversity and population structuring on small spatial scales in many free-living protists. Here we characterise a panel of new microsatellite markers for the common marine flagellate Oxyrrhis marina. Nine microsatellite loci were used to assess genotypic diversity at two spatial scales by genotyping 200 isolates of O. marina from 6 broad geographic regions around Great Britain and Ireland; in one region, a single 2 km shore line was sampled intensively to assess fine-scale genetic diversity. Microsatellite loci resolved between 1–6 and 7–23 distinct alleles per region in the least and most variable loci respectively, with corresponding variation in expected heterozygosities (He) of 0.00–0.30 and 0.81–0.93. Across the dataset, genotypic diversity was high with 183 genotypes detected from 200 isolates. Bayesian analysis of population structure supported two model populations. One population was distributed across all sampled regions; the other was confined to the intensively sampled shore, and thus two distinct populations co-occurred at this site. Whilst model-based analysis inferred a single UK-wide population, pairwise regional FST values indicated weak to moderate population sub-division (0.01–0.12), but no clear correlation between spatial and genetic distance was evident. Data presented in this study highlight extensive genetic diversity for O. marina; however, it remains a substantial challenge to uncover the mechanisms that drive genetic diversity in free-living microorganisms
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